pictures and notes are based and from YouTube Atoms VS Molecules Atoms: any element on the periodic table (Ex: oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus) Molecules: made of multiple atoms Atoms can be the same (water) or different (nitrogen gas) Polar Molecules: molecules with an uneven electron distribution > positive + negative charges Electronegativity (ONE reason why molecules are polar): measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons High Electronegativity: attracts electrons very

pictures and notes are based and from YouTube Redox Reactions (RECALL FROM THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS): transfer of electrons between substances (LeO GeR) Reduction Reaction: a substance gains electrons Oxidation Reaction: a substance loses electrons Calvin Cycle: 2nd stage of Photosynthesis Where: Stroma in the Chloroplast Stroma (highlighted) in the Chloroplast Reactants: 6 NADPH + 9 ATP (from the Light Dependent Reactions), 3 CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide) Note: Each full tur